Physioprophylaxis post-stress test in soccer players: effects blood lactate concentrations

Abstract Objective: To determine the effects of physioprophylaxis (PP) on blood lactate (BL) concentrations after maximal incremental stress test, considering that this is the application of techniques in sports physiotherapy to reduce signs of muscle fatigue that can trigger injuries due to overload. Materials and Methods: Quantitative study, experimental type, longitudinal section in 12 university players. The group is divided into one control group (CG) with recovery at rest without PP and another experimental group (EG) to which PP is applied at the end of the test. Blood lactate is recorded with Accutrend Plus at the beginning of the test, (1) five minutes after finishing the test (2) and after the PP (3) at two different moments for intra-subject analysis. Results: The following data were obtained regarding blood lactate clearance, Moment 1: Without Plan (WoP) 4.86±1.4 and With Plan (WP) 8.85±1.25 (p<0.05), moment 2: (WoP) 5.6±1.76 and (WP) 7.8±1.3 (p<0.05) in mmol/L, and intra-subject: (WoP): 5.25±1.58; (WP): 8.35±1.33 (p<0.05). Conclusions: The clearance of lactate in the blood at 30 minutes post stress test in the EG is bigger than the CG, because they recovered with the physioprophylactic plan.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar los efectos de la fisioprofilaxis (PP) sobre las concentraciones de lactato en sangre (BL) tras la prueba de esfuerzo incremental máximo, considerando que se trata de la aplicación de técnicas en fisioterapia deportiva para reducir los signos de fatiga muscular que pueden desencadenar lesiones por sobrecarga. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, tipo experimental, sección longitudinal en 12 jugadores universitarios. El grupo se divide en un grupo control (GC) con recuperación en reposo sin PP y otro grupo experimental (GE) al que se aplica PP al final de la prueba. El lactato sanguíneo se registra con Accutrend Plus al inicio de la prueba, (1) cinco minutos después de finalizar la prueba (2) y después de la PP (3) en dos momentos diferentes para el análisis intra-sujeto. Resultados: Se obtuvieron los siguientes datos con respecto al aclaramiento de lactato en sangre, Momento 1: Sin Plan (WoP) 4.86 ± 1.4 y Con Plan (WP) 8.85 ± 1.25 (p <0.05), Momento 2: (WoP) 5.6 ± 1.76 y (WP) ) 7,8 ± 1,3 (p <0,05) en mmol / L, e intra-sujeto: (WoP): 5,25 ± 1,58; (WP): 8,35 ± 1,33 (p <0,05). Conclusiones: El aclaramiento de lactato en sangre a los 30 minutos post prueba de esfuerzo en el GE es mayor que en el GC, debido a que se recuperaron con el plan fisioprofiláctico.

Characteristics and determinants of the academic goals in nursing education: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Academic goals guide the learning mode of nursing students, focus their objectives and influence the acquisition of skills. However, research on academic goals and related variables is scarce. OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between different sociodemographic and academic variables with the type of academic goal in nursing students at the Universitat Jaume I (Spain). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study conducted between September 2020 and June 2021. SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS: Undergraduate nursing students at Universitat Jaume I (n = 263). METHODS: The Academic Goal Orientation questionnaire was administered. In addition, the variables age, gender, route to university, previous health studies, previous training in critical thinking, degree year and average grade on academic record were collected. A descriptive analysis of the sample and an analysis of the association between variables were performed. In addition, exploratory multinomial logistic regression was performed. RESULTS: The nursing students preferred the Learning Goal (95.8%; n = 263), and this increased among the students as their average grade increased. The results of the multivariate analysis indicated that students with a lower average grade, those from advanced years and those without previous training in critical thinking preferred the Work Avoidance and Self-defeating Ego Goals. CONCLUSION: The preferred goal among the students was learning. The variables that influenced the type of goal were year, average grade and previous training in critical thinking.

Atención y memoria en estudiantes de básica primaria de instituciones públicas rurales de Boyacá, Colombia / Attention and Memory in Elementary School Students From Rural Public Schools in Boyacá, Colombia

Resumen La atención y la memoria son procesos estrechamente relacionados y paralelos en el desarrollo infantil. El objetivo del estudio fue establecer la relación entre procesos de atención y memoria en infantes de escuelas rurales respecto a la edad, el sexo y el nivel educativo. Se seleccionaron 50 estudiantes por muestreo aleatorio, dentro de un estudio descriptivo correlacional. Se utilizó la batería de Evaluación Neuropsicológica Infantil. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas con respecto a la edad para las sub-pruebas de memoria y atención visual. En la variable sexo, no se encontraron diferencias significativas. Con relación al nivel de escolaridad las diferencias fueron para subpruebas de atención y memoria excepto en memoria lógica. En conclusión, se observó un menor rendimiento al compararlos con baremos de población urbana.

Abstract Attention and memory are closely related and parallel processes in child development. This study aimed to establish the relationship between attention and memory processes in children from rural schools with respect to age, gender, and educational level. Fifty students were selected by random sampling within a descriptive correlational study. The Neuropsychological Assessment of Children test battery was used. The results showed significant differences with respect to age for the memory and visual attention subtests. In the gender variable, no significant differences were found. Regarding the level of schooling, significant differences were found for the attention and memory subtests except in logical memory. In conclusion, lower performance was observed when compared to urban population scales.

Quality of Nursing Care Questionnaire (CUCACE): Validity and reliability in Colombia / Cuestionario de calidad del cuidado de enfermería (CUCACE): Validez y fiabilidad en Colombia

ABSTRACT Objetive To determine the validity and reliability of the CUCACE (Quality of Nursing Care Questionnaire) in Colombia. Every day there is a growing interest in measuring the quality of care received from nursing personnel as a tangible element of care; however, not having reliable and valid instruments is an obstacle, especially in Colombia. Method A psychometric and evaluative instrumental study was conducted. Data of interest from CUCACE filled out in Spanish were extracted together with demographic information of the participants. Results Confirmed the validity of the content and construct validity of the scales of care, attention to nursing care and the perception of care in a Colombian hospital. Cronbach's alpha was higher than 0.7, and its reliability is accepted in the context. Conclusion The CUCACE is adequate to measure the satisfaction and experience of patients with nursing care in the Colombian context. The questionnaire with its two scales is useful, clear, precise, valid and reliable to evaluate the quality of nursing care.

ABSTRACT Objetivo Determinar la validez y confiabilidad del CUCACE (Cuestionario de Calidad de la Atención de Enfermería) en Colombia. Cada día hay un interés creciente en medir la calidad de la atención recibida por parte del personal de enfermería como elemento tangible de la atención; sin embargo, un obstáculo para medir la satisfacción del paciente es la no tenencia de instrumentos confiables y válidos, especialmente en Colombia. Método Se realizó un estudio instrumental psicométrico y evaluativo. Se extrajeron datos de interés del CUCACE cumplimentados en español, junto con la información demográfica de los participantes. Resultados Se confirmó la validez del contenido y construcción de las escalas de atención, atención al cuidado de enfermería y percepción del cuidado en un hospital colombiano. El alfa de Cronbach fue superior a 0,7; por lo tanto su fiabilidad se acepta en el contexto. Conclusión El CUCACE es adecuado para medir la satisfacción y experiencia de los pacientes con los cuidados de enfermería en el contexto colombiano. El cuestionario con sus dos escalas es útil, claro, preciso, válido y confiable para evaluar la calidad de la atención de enfermería.

Validation of the attitudes to patient safety questionnaire for nursing students in the Spanish context.

BACKGROUND: There are different instruments to assess the attitudes of nursing students towards patient safety. However, no questionnaire validated in Spanish with this objective was identified. The objective of this study was to validate the Attitudes to Patient Safety (APS) questionnaire for nursing students in Spain and to study the attitudes towards patient safety of nursing students at the Universitat Jaume I (Spain). DESIGN: Cross-sectional psychometric study developed in a sample of 177 undergraduate nursing students. The study was carried out in the second semester of 2016. METHODS: First, a nominal group was created to perform cross-cultural adaptation and determine content validity of the Attitude to Patient Safety Questionnaire (APQS-III). Second, a cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the psychometric properties of the questionnaire and to study nursing student attitudes towards patient safety. RESULTS: Exploratory factorial analysis explained 53.82 % of the variance, with good internal consistency (α = 0.808), and confirmatory factor analysis indicate an adequate fit between the model and the data (χ2 = 366; p < 0.001; χ2/df = 1.886; RMSEA = 0.07; IC95 %=0.059-0.081; CFI = 0.885). Intra-observer reliability was good (ICC = 0.792, p < 0.001). The mean overall score of the questionnaire was 3.92 (95 % CI = 3.88-4.03). Significant differences were observed regarding whether the students had completed a clinical practicum (p = 0.012) and the academic year (p = 0.25). CONCLUSIONS: The psychometric properties of the APS questionnaire adapted for Spanish nursing students are adequate. Students show an adequate attitude towards patient safety; however, it is necessary to develop a strategy to guarantee the acquisition of competency for patient safety as well as to design and evaluate specific educational interventions.

Modelo SIR de la pandemia de COVID-19 en Colombia / SIR model of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo Desarrollar un modelo SIR pronóstico de la pandemia de COVID-19 en el territorio colombiano. Métodos Se utilizó un modelo SIR con enfoque determinístico para pronosticar el desarrollo de la pandemia de COVID-19 en Colombia. Los estados considerados fueron susceptibles (S), infecciosos (i) y recuperados o fallecidos (R). Los datos poblacionales se obtuvieron del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de estadística (Proyecciones de Población 2018-2020, difundida en enero de 2020) y los datos sobre casos diarios confirmados de COVID-19 del Instituto Nacional de Salud. Se plantearon diferentes modelos variando el número básico de reproducción (R0). Resultados A partir de los casos reportados por el Ministerio de Salud se crearon cuatro ambientes o escenarios simulados en un modelo SIR epidemiológico, se extendieron las series de tiempo hasta el 30 de mayo, fecha probable del 99% de infección poblacional. Un R0 de 2 es la aproximación más cercana al comportamiento de la pandemia durante los primeros 15 días desde el reporte del caso 0, el peor escenario se daría en la primera semana de abril con un R0 igual a 3. Conclusiones Se hacen necesarias nuevas medidas de mitigación y supresión en las fases de contención y transmisión sostenida, como aumento de la capacidad diagnostica por pruebas y desinfección de zonas pobladas y hogares de aislamiento.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To develop a prognostic SIR model of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia. Materials and Methods A SIR model with a deterministic approach was used to forecast the development of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia. The states considered were susceptible (S), infectious (i) and recovered or deceased (R). Population data were obtained from the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) - Population Projections 2018-2020, released in January 2020-, and data on daily confirmed cases of COVID-19 from the National Institute of Health. Different models were proposed varying the basic reproduction number (R0). Results Based on the cases reported by the Ministry of Health, 4 simulated environments were created in an epidemiological SIR model. The time series was extended until May 30, the probable date when 99% of the population will be infected. R0=2 is the basic reproduction number and the closest approximation to the behavior of the pandemic during the first 15 days since the first case report; the worst scenario would occur in the first week of April with R0=3. Conclusions Further mitigation and suppression measures are necessary in the containment and sustained transmission phases, such as increased diagnostic capacity through testing and disinfection of populated areas and homes in isolation.(AU)

Riesgo de transmisión de SARS-CoV-2: evaluación espacial multicriterio en un municipio de Colombia, 2020 / Risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2: multi-criteria spatial evaluation in a municipality of Colombia, 2020

RESUMEN Objetivo Zonificar el riesgo de transmisión de SARS-CoV-2 en Villavicencio, Colombia, mediante una evaluación espacial multicriterio. Materiales y Métodos Se implementó un modelo de evaluación multicriterio, a través de un proceso de análisis jerárquico integrado a un sistema de información geográfica. Como criterios fueron incluidos atributos descriptores de las amenazas y vulnerabilidades de transmisión viral identificados mediante un modelo epidemiológico en una misma escala numérica adimensional y proporcional a la probabilidad de contagio. Las alternativas evaluadas corresponden a entidades espaciales representadas por pixeles. Los criterios fueron ponderados de acuerdo con el juicio experto de los evaluadores, con los cuales se realizó el cálculo de una matriz de prioridades relativas normalizada, que permitió la estimación de un vector de pesos, cuyo grado de inconsistencia fue admisible. La magnitud del riesgo se calculó con una sumatoria ponderada de la valoración de los criterios, de acuerdo con un geoproceso de álgebra de mapas. Resultados La heterogeneidad espacial del riesgo de transmisión de SARS-CoV-2 fue descrita en Villavicencio, lo que permitió identificar las áreas con mayor probabilidad de transmisión localizadas en barrios caracterizados por una alta vulnerabilidad socioeconómica. Conclusiones La representación cartográfica derivada de la implementación de un modelo multicriterio, integrado a un Sistema de Información Geográfica, en el análisis de riesgo de transmisión de SARS-CoV-2 constituye un aporte metodológico relevante para la toma de decisiones que definan estrategias de mitigación a escala local y que faciliten la localización y optimización de recursos por parte de las autoridades sanitarias.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To zoning the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Villavicencio, Colombia, through a multi-criteria spatial evaluation. Materials and Methods A multi-criteria evaluation model was implemented, through a hierarchical analysis process, integrated into a Geographic Information System. As criteria, descriptive attributes of the threats and vulnerabilities of viral transmission identified by means of an epidemiological model were included, on the same dimensionless numerical scale and proportional to the probability of contagion; the alternatives evaluated correspond to spatial entities represented by pixels. The criteria were weighted according to the expert judgment of the evaluators, with whom the calculation of a normalized matrix of relative priorities was performed, which allowed the estimation of a vector of weights, the degree of inconsistency of which was admissible. The magnitude of the risk was calculated with a weighted summation of the evaluation of the criteria, according to a map algebra geoprocessing. Results The spatial heterogeneity of the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission was described in Villavicencio, allowing the identification of the areas with the highest probability of transmission, located in neighborhoods characterized by high socioeconomic vulnerability. Conclusions The cartographic representation derived from the implementation of a multicriteria model, integrated to a Geographical Information System, in the SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk analysis, constitutes a relevant methodological contribution for decision-making defining strategies of mitigation at the local level, facilitating the location and optimization of resources by the health authorities.(AU)

Modelo SIR de la pandemia de COVID-19 en Colombia / SIR model of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia / Modelo SIR da pandemia de COVID-19 na Colômbia

RESUMEN Objetivo Desarrollar un modelo SIR pronóstico de la pandemia de COVID-19 en el territorio colombiano. Métodos Se utilizó un modelo SIR con enfoque determinístico para pronosticar el desarrollo de la pandemia de COVID-19 en Colombia. Los estados considerados fueron susceptibles (S), infecciosos (i) y recuperados o fallecidos (R). Los datos poblacionales se obtuvieron del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de estadística (Proyecciones de Población 2018-2020, difundida en enero de 2020) y los datos sobre casos diarios confirmados de COVID-19 del Instituto Nacional de Salud. Se plantearon diferentes modelos variando el número básico de reproducción (R0). Resultados A partir de los casos reportados por el Ministerio de Salud se crearon cuatro ambientes o escenarios simulados en un modelo SIR epidemiológico, se extendieron las series de tiempo hasta el 30 de mayo, fecha probable del 99% de infección poblacional. Un R0 de 2 es la aproximación más cercana al comportamiento de la pandemia durante los primeros 15 días desde el reporte del caso 0, el peor escenario se daría en la primera semana de abril con un R0 igual a 3. Conclusiones Se hacen necesarias nuevas medidas de mitigación y supresión en las fases de contención y transmisión sostenida, como aumento de la capacidad diagnostica por pruebas y desinfección de zonas pobladas y hogares de aislamiento.

ABSTRACT Objective To develop a prognostic SIR model of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia. Materials and Methods A SIR model with a deterministic approach was used to forecast the development of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia. The states considered were susceptible (S), infectious (i) and recovered or deceased (R). Population data were obtained from the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) - Population Projections 2018-2020, released in January 2020-, and data on daily confirmed cases of COVID-19 from the National Institute of Health. Different models were proposed varying the basic reproduction number (R0). Results Based on the cases reported by the Ministry of Health, 4 simulated environments were created in an epidemiological SIR model. The time series was extended until May 30, the probable date when 99% of the population will be infected. R0=2 is the basic reproduction number and the closest approximation to the behavior of the pandemic during the first 15 days since the first case report; the worst scenario would occur in the first week of April with R0=3. Conclusions Further mitigation and suppression measures are necessary in the containment and sustained transmission phases, such as increased diagnostic capacity through testing and disinfection of populated areas and homes in isolation.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Desenvolver um modelo SIR prognóstico da pandemia de COVID-19 no território colombiano. MÉTODOS Um modelo SIR com abordagem determinística foi usado para prever o desenvolvimento da pandemia de COVID-19 na Colômbia. Os estados considerados foram suscetíveis (S), infecciosos (i) e recuperados ou falecidos (R). Os dados populacionais foram obtidos do Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estatística (Projeções de População 2018-2020, divulgado em janeiro de 2020) e dados sobre casos confirmados diariamente de COVID-19 do Instituto Nacional de Saúde. Diferentes modelos foram propostos variando o número básico de reprodução (R 0 ). RESULTADOS Dos casos relatados pelo Ministério da Saúde, quatro ambientes ou cenários simulados foram criados em um modelo epidemiológico de RIS, as séries temporais foram estendidas até 30 de maio, data provável de 99% de infecção populacional. Um R 0 de 2 é a aproximação mais próxima do comportamento da pandemia durante os primeiros 15 dias a partir do relato do caso 0, o pior cenário ocorreria na primeira semana de abril com um R 0 igual a 3. CONCLUSÕES Novas medidas de mitigação e supressão são necessárias nas fases de contenção e transmissão sustentada, como aumento da capacidade de diagnóstico por testes e desinfecção de áreas povoadas e residências isoladas.

Academic goals orientation questionnaire for Colombian nursing students: Validity and reliability study.

BACKGROUND: Academic motivation guides students toward the achievement of academic objectives and influences their learning. However, there is little research on this subject in nursing education, and validated instruments are not available in Latin America. OBJECTIVE: To determine the validity and reliability of the Academic Goals Orientation Questionnaire in Colombian nursing students. DESIGN: Cross-sectional psychometric study developed in the second semester of 2016. SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS: Undergraduate students in nursing at the National University of Colombia (n = 323). METHODS: The Academic Goals Orientation Questionnaire was administered electronically. In addition, the variables of age, sex and academic year were collected. An analysis of construct validity was carried out by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the questionnaire was studied with Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: The exploratory factor analysis revealed the presence of four factors that explain 53.4% of the total variance and that correspond to the dimensions of the original instrument. The overall reliability was α = 0.714. The confirmatory factor analysis verified a good fit of the model (χ2 = 128, p = .024); its standardized mean square residue (SRMR) was 0.0471; the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) was 0.03 (IC95% = 0.011-0.044), and the comparative fit index (CFI) was 0.972. The learning or task goal obtained the highest average score (m = 4.67, 95% CI = 4.629-4.712), and the Work avoidance goal was the worst rated (m = 2.126, 95% CI = 2.055-2.198) by the students. CONCLUSION: The Academic Goal Orientation Questionnaire has an adequate validity and reliability in the Colombian context that allows it to be applied in nursing students. However, it is recommended to expand the study with larger samples and other countries in the same context.

[SIR model of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia]. / Modelo SIR de la pandemia de COVID-19 en Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a prognostic SIR model of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A SIR model with a deterministic approach was used to forecast the development of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia. The states considered were susceptible (S), infectious (i) and recovered or deceased (R). Population data were obtained from the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) - Population Projections 2018-2020, released in January 2020-, and data on daily confirmed cases of COVID-19 from the National Institute of Health. Different models were proposed varying the basic reproduction number (R0). RESULTS: Based on the cases reported by the Ministry of Health, 4 simulated environments were created in an epidemiological SIR model. The time series was extended until May 30, the probable date when 99% of the population will be infected. R0=2 is the basic reproduction number and the closest approximation to the behavior of the pandemic during the first 15 days since the first case report; the worst scenario would occur in the first week of April with R0=3. CONCLUSIONS: Further mitigation and suppression measures are necessary in the containment and sustained transmission phases, such as increased diagnostic capacity through testing and disinfection of populated areas and homes in isolation.

[Risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2: multi-criteria spatial evaluation in a municipality of Colombia, 2020]. / Riesgo de transmisión de SARS-CoV-2: evaluación espacial multicriterio en un municipio de Colombia, 2020.

OBJECTIVE: To zoning the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Villavicencio, Colombia, through a multi-criteria spatial evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A multi-criteria evaluation model was implemented, through a hierarchical analysis process, integrated into a Geographic Information System. As criteria, descriptive attributes of the threats and vulnerabilities of viral transmission identified by means of an epidemiological model were included, on the same dimensionless numerical scale and proportional to the probability of contagion; the alternatives evaluated correspond to spatial entities represented by pixels. The criteria were weighted according to the expert judgment of the evaluators, with whom the calculation of a normalized matrix of relative priorities was performed, which allowed the estimation of a vector of weights, the degree of inconsistency of which was admissible. The magnitude of the risk was calculated with a weighted summation of the evaluation of the criteria, according to a map algebra geoprocessing. RESULTS: The spatial heterogeneity of the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission was described in Villavicencio, allowing the identification of the areas with the highest probability of transmission, located in neighborhoods characterized by high socioeconomic vulnerability. CONCLUSIONS: The cartographic representation derived from the implementation of a multicriteria model, integrated to a Geographical Information System, in the SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk analysis, constitutes a relevant methodological contribution for decision-making defining strategies of mitigation at the local level, facilitating the location and optimization of resources by the health authorities.

Validez y fiabilidad en colombia del font roja / Validity and reliability of the font-roja job satisfaction questionnaire in colombia / Validade e fiabilidade em colômbia do font roja

Resumen Objetivo: determinar la validez y confiabilidad del Font Roja para medir la satisfacción laboral en profesionales de la salud en Colombia, diseñado por Aranaz y Mira en el año de 1988. Metodología: estudio instrumental psicométrico que determinó la validez facial de contenido y de constructo con métodos estadísticos y confiabilidad del cuestionario. La muestra n=120 para la validez de constructo fue recolectada en diversas ciudades de Colombia por profesionales de enfermería en ejercicio vinculados a instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud. Resultados: el Font Roja reporta validez superior a 0,71 en contenido y facial, se extrajeron 8 factores que explican el 67,5% de la varianza mediante análisis factorial. El instrumento es fiable con un Alfa de Cronbach de 0,80. Es necesario mantener la escala íntegramente sin suprimir ítems. Conclusión: la versión en español del Font Roja como instrumento de medición de la satisfacción laboral resulta válido y fiable en el contexto colombiano.

Abstract Objective: to determine the validity and reliability of Font-Roja job satisfaction questionnaire designed by Aranaz and Mira, 1988, to measure job satisfaction in health professionals in Colombia. Methodology: psychometric instrumental study that determined the facial validity of content and construct with statistical methods and reliability of the questionnaire. The sample (n = 120) for construct validity was collected by intern nurses linked with institutions providing health services in various cities of Colombia. Results: Font-Roja job satisfaction questionnaire reported validity higher than 0.71 in content and facial; 8 factors were extracted that explain 67.5% of the variance by factor analysis. The instrument is reliable with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.80. It is necessary to maintain the scale in its entirety without deleting items. Conclusion: the Spanish version of Font-Roja job satisfaction questionnaire as an instrument to measure job satisfaction is valid and reliable in the Colombian context.

Resumo Objetivo: determinar a validade e confiabilidade do Font Roja para medir a satisfação laboral em professionais da saúde na Colômbia, desenhado por Aranaz e Mira no ano de 1988. Metodologia: estudo instrumental psicométrico que determinou a validade facial de conteúdo e de constructo com métodos estatísticos e confiabilidade do questionário. A amostra n=120 para a validade de constructo foi coletada em diversas cidades da Colômbia por profissionais de enfermagem em exercício vinculados a instituições prestadoras de serviços de saúde. Resultados: O Font Roja reporta validade superior a 0,71 em conteúdo e facial, extraíram-se 8 fatores que explicam o 67,5% da variância mediante análise fatorial. O instrumento é fiável com um Alfa de Cronbach de 0,80. É preciso manter a escala integralmente sem suprimir itens. Conclusão: a versão em espanhol do Font Roja como instrumento de medição da satisfação laboral resolvida válido e fiável no contexto colombiano.

Uso de procalcitonina como diagnóstico de sepsis o shock séptico: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis / Procalcitonin test for diagnosis of sepsis or septic shock: systematic review of literature and metanalysis

Introducción: La procalcitonina (PCT) es una prohormona de la calcitonina, producida por las células C de la glándula tiroides y convertida intracelularmente por enzimas proteolíticas en la hormona activa. La producción de PCT durante procesos inflamatorios, está ligada a endotoxinas bacterianas y a citoquinas inflamatorias. La mortalidad por sepsis, depende en gran medida de la detección precoz y del inicio de una terapia adecuada, incluyendo la administración de antibióticos apropiados, sin embargo, no está claro si el rendimiento diagnóstico de la PCT en el contexto de la nueva definición de sepsis en el tercer consenso es igual que con la definición previa. Métodos: Se incluyeron estudios que describieran el uso de PCT dentro de las primeras 24 horas de admisión, como prueba diagnóstica de sepsis. Se realizó la búsqueda en las bases de datos de Medline (Pubmed) y Embase. La calidad metodológica se evaluó según la Colaboración Cochrane en el desarrollo de Revisiones Sistemáticas sobre Test de Análisis para la herramienta QUADAS-II. El sesgo de publicación fue estudiado con el Test de Asimetría de Deeks. Se usó el módulo de MIDAS de STATA 14 para el análisis univariado y la construcción de la Curva de ROC. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 2076 registros (783 de Medline y 1293 de Embase). De los 12 estudios seleccionados, se incluyeron un total de 1353 pacientes, con una prevalencia en los estudios revisados entre el 9% y 88%, con un promedio del 47%. La Sensibilidad agrupada fue 0,83% (IC95% (0,74-0,89)) y la Especificidad fue 0,84% (IC95%(0,76-0,89)). El área bajo la Curva fue 0,90 (IC95%(0,87-0,92)). La heterogeneidad entre los estudios es importante I2 88% (IC95%(77-100)). Existe un sesgo de publicación según el test de Deek, con resultado P=0,04. En el análisis sobre la Probabilidad Post test según el nomograma de Fagan, es del 56%, teniendo en cuenta una probabilidad pretest del 20% según el LR positivo 5. Conclusión: La PCT es una prueba diagnóstica con buen rendimiento para sepsis o shock séptico, en pacientes adultos, no gestantes. Aunque hay sesgo de publicación y una gran heterogeneidad en los resultados, la prueba se considera adecuada para el escenario de sepsis según las nuevas definiciones.

Background: Procalcitonin (PCT) is a prohormone of calcitonin, produced by cells C of the thyroid gland and intracellurarly cleaved by proteolytic enzymes into the active hormone. The production of PCT during inflammatory process, is linked with a bacterial endotoxin and with inflammatory cytokines. Mortality due to sepsis, depends to a large extent on a early detection and early start of adecuade therapy, that includes giving appropriate antibiotics. It´s no clear if the PTC diagnostic performance is the same in the context of the definition of the third consensus as in the previous definition. Methods: Studies describing the use of PCT within the frst 24 hours of admission as a diagnostic test for sepsis were included. We searched the Medline (Pubmed) and Embase databases. The methodological quality was evaluated according to the Cochrane Collaboration in the development of Systematic Reviews on Analysis Test for the QUADAS-II tool. The publication bias was studied with the Deeks Asymmetry Test. The MIDAS module of STATA 14 was used for the univariate analysis and the construction of the ROC Curve. Results: 2076 records were obtained (783 from Medline and 1293 from Embase). Of the 12 selected studies, a total of 1353 patients were included, with a prevalence in the studies reviewed between 9% and 88%, with an average of 47%. The pooled sensitivity was 0.83% (CI 95% (0.74-0.89)) and the Specificity was 0.84% (CI 95% (0.76-0.89)). The area under the Curve was 0.90 (CI 95% (0.87-0.92)). Heterogeneity between the studies is important I2 88% (CI 95%(77-100)). There is a publication bias according to the Deek test, with a result of P = 0.04. In the analysis on the post test Probability according to the Fagan nomogram, it is 56%, taking into account a pretest probability of 20% according to the positive LR 5. Conclusions: PCT is a diagnostic test with good performance for sepsis or septic shock, in adult patients, not pregnant. Although there is publication bias and great heterogeneity in the results, the test is considered adequate for the sepsis setting according to the new definitions.

Satisfacción laboral de enfermería. Diferencias de ámbitos en atención primaria en salud y cuidado intensivo / Nursing job satisfaction. Differences of areas in primary health care and intensive care

La satisfacción laboral en la enfermería establece la calidad de los servicios prestados. Al determinar esta en ámbitos hospitalarios como unidades de cuidado intensivo y en la Atención Primaria en Salud en ámbito comunitario, a través del autoreporte de 280 enfermeros con la aplicación del cuestionario Font roja de 24 ítems, se encuentra que el 39,6% de la población está entre los 20 y 30 años, donde el ámbito comunitario posee medias más elevadas y estadísticamente significativas (p=0,00) en la relación interpersonal con sus jefes y compañeros, percepciones que favorecen a la autonomía del profesional de enfermería. El ámbito hospitalario goza de mayor satisfacción por el trabajo, de igual forma se satisface mejor con la competencia profesional. La monotonía laboral que manifiesta la escasa variedad del trabajo es autodeclarada con una media mayor en el ámbito comunitario, y afirmada con un OR de 2,36 (p=0,00) considerándose un factor de riesgo para este. Para concluir, la satisfacción laboral comparada en dos ámbitos laborales ratifica una realidad ante la insatisfacción de las relaciones interpersonales con los compañeros y jefes del ámbito hospitalario y la monotonía como factor de riesgo en ambientes comunitarios.

Nursing job satisfaction establishes the quality of the services provided. When determining this in hospital settings as intensive care units and Primary Health Care in the community, through the self-report of 280 nurses with the application of Font Roja questionnaire of 24 items, it is found that 39.6% of the population is between 20 and 30 years old, where the community environment has higher and statistically significant averages (p=0.00) in the interpersonal relationship with their heads and colleagues, perceptions that favor the autonomy of the nursing professional. The hospital environment enjoys greater satisfaction with work, in the same way, it is better satisfied with professional competence. The labor monotony that manifests the scarce variety of work is self-reported with a higher average in the community environment, and affirmed with an OR of 2.36 (p = 0.00), considering it a risk factor for this. To conclude, comparative job satisfaction in two work environments ratifies a reality of the dissatisfaction of interpersonal relationships with colleagues and heads of the hospital environment and monotony as a risk factor in community environments.

Cien años después, recordando cómo BMJ y JAMA comunicaron la pandemia de gripe de 1918-1919 / One hundred years later, recalling how BMJ and JAMA reported the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic

RESUMEN La pandemia de gripa que en 1918-1919 asoló el planeta, es sin duda el evento de enfermedad masivo de mayor virulencia y letalidad que la especie humana ha sorteado a lo largo de la historia. Este ensayo se centró en evaluar, a partir de lo publicado en la literatura médica de dos de las más importantes revistas de la época, (BMJ) The British Medical Journal y (JAMA)The Journal of the American Medical Association, la interpretación que desde la medicina se hizo de este fenómeno y de la respuesta que en términos de tecnología diagnóstica y terapéutica se dio por parte de los médicos. Se encontró que el arsenal de conocimientos, diagnóstico y terapéutica de la época ofrecía muy pocas herramientas para abordar el manejo clínico y frenar los contagios y mortalidad. No obstante, las dificultades que debieron sortear los clínicos y autoridades sanitarias de la época se constituyeron en un sólido aliciente para que en poco tiempo se avanzara significativamente en la comprensión y manejo de las enfermedades infecciosas, particularmente de etiología viral.

ABSTRACT The influenza pandemic that ravaged the planet in 1918-1919 is, undoubtedly, the most virulent and lethal infectious disease that the human species has ever overcome. This essay was to evaluate the medical interpretation of this phenomenon and the response given by doctors in terms of diagnostic and therapeutic technology based on the data published in the medical literature of two of the most important journals of the time, BMJ (The British Medical Journal) and JAMA (The Journal of the American Medical Association). It was found that the arsenal of knowledge, diagnosis and therapeutics of the time offered very few tools to address clinical management and curb contagion and mortality. However, the difficulties that clinicians and health authorities had to overcome were a solid incentive to make significant progress in the understanding and management of infectious diseases, particularly of viral etiology, in a short period of time.

A pandemia de gripe que devastou o planeta em 1918-1919 é, sem dúvida, o evento de doença maciça mais virulento e letal que a espécie humana passou ao longo da história. Este ensaio teve como objetivo avaliar, a partir do que foi publicado na literatura médica de duas das mais importantes revistas da época, (BMJ) The British Medical Journal e (JAMA) The Journal of American Medical Association,a interpretação que a medicina fez desse fenômeno e a resposta que os médicos deram em termos de tecnologia diagnóstica e terapêutica. Verificou-se que o arsenal de conhecimento, diagnóstico e terapia da época oferecia pouquíssimas ferramentas para abordar o manejo clínico e impedir infecções e mortalidade. No entanto, as dificuldades que os médicos e as autoridades de saúde da época tiveram que superar foram um sólido incentivo para que, em pouco tempo, fossem feitos progressos significativos no entendimento e tratamento de doenças infecciosas, particularmente de etiologia viral.(AU)

Costos de un programa de atención primaria en salud para manejo de la hipertensión arterial en Colombia / Costs of a primary health care program for the management of high blood pressure in Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar el costo de la atención de la hipertensión arterial, su impacto en el estadio de la enfermedad en un grupo de pacientes de una IPS en Tunja Boyacá Colombia. Materiales y Métodos Estudio transversal de costo-efectividad. Se estudiaron 172 historias clínicas de pacientes con HTA de Tunja Colombia. Resultados El costo de atención promedio en primer nivel fue de $184 631 pesos mes/ paciente, el 61% es gasto en talento humano, 20% en laboratorios y 10% en medicamentos. El cumplimiento frente a lo programado fue de 72.1%. Conclusiones El talento humano consume más del 50% de los recursos en el manejo de la HTA pero repercute en su control y manejo positivamente. Las cifras tensionales demuestran un manejo controlado de los pacientes del programa, el 61% de los mismos tenían cifras normales y 53% demuestran una clasificación en los estadios normales. La hipertensión arterial consume gran cantidad de recursos, por lo que deberá ser objeto de estudio por equipos multidisciplinarios de salud, en la búsqueda de alternativas de manejo más eficientes.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the cost of care related to high blood pressure management and its impact on the stage of the disease in a group of patients from Tunja, Boyacá, Colombia. Materials and Methods Cost-effectiveness, cross-sectional study. 172 clinical histories of patients with high blood pressure from Tunja, Colombia, were included. Results The average cost of care in the primary care service was $184 631 pesos per month/patient; 61% of this amount is spent on human resources, 20% on laboratory tests and 10% on medication. Compliance with the program was 72.1%. Conclusions The expenditure on human talent is more than 50% of the resources allocated for the management of high blood pressure, but this has positive repercussions on the control and management of this condition. High blood pressure figures show controlled management of the patients included in the program: 61% of them had normal figures and 53% were classified in the normal stages. High blood pressure requires a large amount of resources, so it should be studied by multidisciplinary health teams in order to find more efficient management alternatives..(AU)

Gestación y parto en mujeres con edad materna avanzada en Tunja, Colombia. 2011-2015 / Pregnancy and birth in women with advanced maternal age from Tunja, Colombia 2011-2015

Resumen Introducción. La gestación en mujeres >35 años se considera una condición de riesgo obstétrico, tanto para la madre como para el feto. Objetivo. Explorar la prevalencia y los factores determinantes asociados con la gestación en mujeres >35 años en Tunja. Materiales y métodos. Estudio de corte transversal en el que se analizó el registro institucional de partos ocurridos en mujeres residentes en Tunja durante el período 2011-2015. Resultados. Se presentaron 1 558 partos en >35 años, lo que constituye el 11.6-13% del total anual; 49.8% de los partos se dieron mediante cesárea. Los factores asociados fueron afiliación al régimen contributivo, escolaridad de la gestante y de su pareja, hábitat urbano y pareja estable. No se encontró riesgo incrementado de complicaciones obstétricas en comparación con otros grupos de edad, pero sí asociación positiva con mayor probabilidad de prematurez, sobrepeso, óbito fetal previo y operación cesárea. Conclusiones. La incidencia de parto es ligeramente mayor a la media nacional, quizás por factores sociales y culturales no establecidos con plenitud, pero similares a los reportados en la literatura. Es recomendable profundizar en el análisis de determinantes para mejorar las estrategias de vigilancia y control, así como rutinas de tamizaje.

Abstract Introduction: Pregnancy in women >35 years is considered an obstetric risk condition, for both the mother and the fetus. Objective: To explore the prevalence and determinants associated with pregnancy in women >35 years in Tunja. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study in which the institutional records of deliveries occurred in women living in Tunja during the period 2011-2015 was analyzed. Results: There were 1 558 births to women >35 years, which constitutes 11.6-13% of the annual total; 49.8% of those births were delivered by caesarean section. Associated factors included affiliation to the contributory regime, school level of the pregnant woman and her partner, urban habitat and stable partner. No increased risk of obstetric complications was found in comparison with other age groups, but positive association with higher probability of prematurity, overweight, stillbirth and cesarean section was observed. Conclusions: The incidence of birth is slightly higher than the national average, perhaps due to social and cultural factors not fully established, but similar to those reported in the literature. It is advisable to deepen the analysis of determinants to improve surveillance and control strategies, as well as screening routines.

[Costs of a primary health care program for the management of high blood pressure in Colombia]. / Costos de un programa de atención primaria en salud para manejo de la hipertensión arterial en Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the cost of care related to high blood pressure management and its impact on the stage of the disease in a group of patients from Tunja, Boyacá, Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cost-effectiveness, cross-sectional study. 172 clinical histories of patients with high blood pressure from Tunja, Colombia, were included. RESULTS: The average cost of care in the primary care service was $184 631 pesos per month/patient; 61% of this amount is spent on human resources, 20% on laboratory tests and 10% on medication. Compliance with the program was 72.1%. CONCLUSIONS: The expenditure on human talent is more than 50% of the resources allocated for the management of high blood pressure, but this has positive repercussions on the control and management of this condition. High blood pressure figures show controlled management of the patients included in the program: 61% of them had normal figures and 53% were classified in the normal stages. High blood pressure requires a large amount of resources, so it should be studied by multidisciplinary health teams in order to find more efficient management alternatives.

OBJETIVO: Determinar el costo de la atención de la hipertensión arterial, su impacto en el estadio de la enfermedad en un grupo de pacientes de una IPS en Tunja Boyacá Colombia. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal de costo-efectividad. Se estudiaron 172 historias clínicas de pacientes con HTA de Tunja Colombia. RESULTADOS: El costo de atención promedio en primer nivel fue de $184 631 pesos mes/ paciente, el 61% es gasto en talento humano, 20% en laboratorios y 10% en medicamentos. El cumplimiento frente a lo programado fue de 72.1%. CONCLUSIONES: El talento humano consume más del 50% de los recursos en el manejo de la HTA pero repercute en su control y manejo positivamente. Las cifras tensionales demuestran un manejo controlado de los pacientes del programa, el 61% de los mismos tenían cifras normales y 53% demuestran una clasificación en los estadios normales. La hipertensión arterial consume gran cantidad de recursos, por lo que deberá ser objeto de estudio por equipos multidisciplinarios de salud, en la búsqueda de alternativas de manejo más eficientes.

[One hundred years later, recalling how BMJ and JAMA reported the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic]. / Cien años después, recordando cómo BMJ y JAMA comunicaron la pandemia de gripe de 1918-1919.

The influenza pandemic that ravaged the planet in 1918-1919 is, undoubtedly, the most virulent and lethal infectious disease that the human species has ever overcome. This essay was to evaluate the medical interpretation of this phenomenon and the response given by doctors in terms of diagnostic and therapeutic technology based on the data published in the medical literature of two of the most important journals of the time, BMJ (The British Medical Journal) and JAMA (The Journal of the American Medical Association). It was found that the arsenal of knowledge, diagnosis and therapeutics of the time offered very few tools to address clinical management and curb contagion and mortality. However, the difficulties that clinicians and health authorities had to overcome were a solid incentive to make significant progress in the understanding and management of infectious diseases, particularly of viral etiology, in a short period of time.

La pandemia de gripa que en 1918-1919 asoló el planeta, es sin duda el evento de enfermedad masivo de mayor virulencia y letalidad que la especie humana ha sorteado a lo largo de la historia. Este ensayo se centró en evaluar, a partir de lo publicado en la literatura médica de dos de las más importantes revistas de la época, (BMJ) The British Medical Journal y (JAMA)The Journal of the American Medical Association, la interpretación que desde la medicina se hizo de este fenómeno y de la respuesta que en términos de tecnología diagnóstica y terapéutica se dio por parte de los médicos. Se encontró que el arsenal de conocimientos, diagnóstico y terapéutica de la época ofrecía muy pocas herramientas para abordar el manejo clínico y frenar los contagios y mortalidad. No obstante, las dificultades que debieron sortear los clínicos y autoridades sanitarias de la época se constituyeron en un sólido aliciente para que en poco tiempo se avanzara significativamente en la comprensión y manejo de las enfermedades infecciosas, particularmente de etiología viral.

Lactato sanguíneo a partir de biomarcadores salivales. Un estudio con indicadores fisiológicos en ciclistas de la ciudad de Tunja (Colombia) durante prueba de esfuerzo / Blood lactate from salivary biomarkers. A study with physiological indicators in cyclists from the city of Tunja (Colombia) during stress test

Objetivo: determinar la correlación entre las proteínas totales salivales y el lactato salival con las concentraciones de lactato en sangre en ciclistas, como un punto de partida para construir un modelo no invasivo de medición de lactato sanguíneo. En atletas de alto rendimiento es de gran interés conocer el comportamiento y concentración de lactato en diferentes niveles de estrés físico, ya que es el mejor indicador metabólico del esfuerzo Materiales y métodos: es un diseño cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo correlacional, se aplicó un análisis de medidas repetidas para las variables de estudio en laboratorio, frecuencia cardiaca, concentración de lactato y proteínas en saliva, y lactato en sangre. Población y muestra: Ocho ciclistas ruteros del equipo pre juvenil de Boyacá, participaron de forma voluntaria. Resultados: el lactato sanguíneo en reposo 2,70 ± 0,74mmol/l, en máximo esfuerzo 14,60 ± 3,39 mmol/l y en recuperación 12,59 ±3,08 mmol/l concuerdan con los resultados de otras investigaciones. Las concentraciones de proteínas se dieron desde 0,22 ± 0,16 mg/dl y 50,75 ± 29,05 mg/dl respectivamente hasta 0,46 ± 0,15 15,71mg/dl y 76,34 ± 15,71mg/dl, con un comportamiento parcialmente uniforme entre ellas, pero sin incremento lineal como se observó en las concentraciones de lactato sanguíneo y salival frente a la intensidad del ejercicio. Conclusiones: el lactato sanguíneo se correlaciono muy bien con el lactato salival, el cual puede ser un biomarcador útil en el control de la intensidad del ejercicio..(AU)

Objective: to determine the correlation between total salivary proteins and salivary lactate with blood lactate concentrations in cyclists, as a starting poi of great interest to know the behavior and concentration of lactate in different levels of physical stress, since it is the best metabolic indicator of the effort. Materials and methods: it is a quantitative design of correlational descriptive type, an analysis of repeated measures was applied for the variables of laboratory study, heart rate, concentration of lactate and proteins in saliva, and lactate in blood. Population and sample: eight bikers from the pre-juvenile team of Boyacá participated voluntarily. Results: the blood lactate at rest 2.70 ± 0.74 mmol / l, at maximum effort 14.60 ± 3.39 mmol / l and in recovery 12.59 ± 3.08 mmol / l agree with the results of other investigations. Protein concentrations were given from 0.22 ± 0.16 mg / dl and 50.75 ± 29.05 mg / dl respectively up to 0.46 ± 0.15 15.71mg / dl and 76.34 ± 15.71mg / dl, with a partially uniform behavior among them, but without linear increase as observed in blood and salivary lactate concentrations versus exercise intensity. Conclusions: blood lactate correlated very well with salivary lactate, which can be a useful biomarker in the control of exercise intensity..(AU)